Carbonyl Compounds

Common names for ketones can be derived by naming the two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group as separate words followed by the word ketone.

Acetone

Green clover leafs release acetone into the atmosphere which is stable in the lower atmosphere, but undergoes photolysis, contributing to the oxidative balance of the Troposphere–stratosphere boundary.

Green clover leafs
Field measurement of the release of the compound.

Acetophenone

Acetophenone is naturally found in apple, cheese, apricot, banana and cauliflower.
Acetophenone is used in the production of synthetic musk for the perfume industry.
Apricot tree Synthetic musk

Benzophenone

Benzophenone–3 occurs naturally in some flowering plants and protects the plant from UV rays. Because of the ability to absorb and scatter the UV rays benzophenone–3 is used in some lotions and cosmetics as a sunscreen. These names shown above are still considered to be acceptable IUPAC names.

Ethyl isopropyl ketone

Diethyl ketone

The first three of the names shown above are still considered to be acceptable IUPAC names.

Aldehydes

The common name for an aldehyde is derived from the common name of the corresponding carboxylic acid by dropping the word acid and changing the suffix from – ic or – oic to – aldehyde.
Formaldehyde
Formaldehyde is used in preserving the specimen in labs.
Acetaldehyde
At low concentrations acetaldehyde is associated with green apples, bruised apples, emulsion paint, wine(white wine).
Green apple Bruised apples
Benzaldehyde
Benzaldehyde is obtained from almond extracts and herbal extracts and is used as an intermediate in organic synthesis and in organic perfumes as flavor and fragrance.
At the same time, the names reflect the Latin or Greek term for the original source of the acid or aldehyde.
The location of the substituting the carbon chain is indicated by Greek letters α, β, δ, etc. The α – carbon being the one directly linked to the aldehyde group β carbon the next, and so on.
Ketones

The common names of ketones are derived by naming two alkyl or aryl groups bonded to the carbonyl group. The locations of substituents are indicated by Greek letters, α, α', β, β' and so on beginning with the carbon atoms next to the carbonyl group, indicated as αα'. Some ketones have historical common names, the simplest dimethyl ketone is called acetone. Alkyl phenyl ketones are usually named by adding the acyl group as prefix to phenone.

IUPAC names

The IUPAC names of open chain aliphatic aldehydes and ketones are derived from the names of the corresponding alkanes by replacing the ending e with al and one respectively. In case of aldehydes the longest carbon chain is numbered starting from the carbon of the aldehyde group while in case of ketones the numbering begins from the end nearer to the carbonyl group.

Aliphatic aldehydes with numbering

Aliphatic ketones

The substituents are prefixed in alphabetical order along with numerals indicating their positions in the carbon chain. The same applies to cyclic ketones, where the carbonyl carbon is numbered one.